what sea is to the west of the fertile crescent

The Fertile Crescent is the boomerang-shaped region of the Middle Due east that was abode to some of the earliest human civilizations. Also known as the "Cradle of Culture," this expanse was the birthplace of a number of technological innovations, including writing, the wheel, agriculture, and the use of irrigation. The Fertile Crescent includes ancient Mesopotamia.

What Is the Fertile Crescent?

American archaeologist James Henry Breasted coined the term "Fertile Crescent" in a 1914 loftier school textbook to draw this archaeologically significant region of the Middle East that contains parts of present twenty-four hour period Egypt, Hashemite kingdom of jordan, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, Syria, Turkey, Islamic republic of iran, Iraq and Cyprus.

On a map, the Fertile Crescent looks like a crescent or quarter-moon. It extends from the Nile River on Egypt's Sinai Peninsula in the southward to the southern fringe of Turkey in the north. The Fertile Crescent is bounded on the w by the Mediterranean Bounding main and on the East by the Persian Gulf. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers flow through the heart of the Fertile Crescent.

The region historically contained unusually fertile soil and productive freshwater and brackish wetlands. These produced an abundance of wild edible plant species. Information technology was here that humans began to experiment with the cultivation of grains and cereals effectually 10,000 B.C. as they transitioned from hunter-gatherer groups to permanent agronomical societies.

Ancient Mesopotamia

Mesopotamia is an ancient, historical region that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in modern-solar day Iraq and parts of Kuwait, Syria, Turkey and Islamic republic of iran. Part of the Fertile Crescent, Mesopotamia was home to the earliest known human civilizations. Scholars believe the Agricultural Revolution started here.

The primeval occupants of Mesopotamia lived in circular dwellings made of mud and brick along the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates river valleys. They began to exercise agriculture by domesticating sheep and pigs around 11,000 to ix,000 B.C. Domesticated plants, including flax, wheat, barley and lentils, first appeared around 9,500 B.C.

Some of the primeval evidence of farming comes from the archaeological site of Tell Abu Hureyra, a small hamlet located along the Euphrates River in mod Syria. The village was inhabited from roughly 11,500 to 7,000 B.C. Inhabitants initially hunted gazelle and other game before outset to harvest wild grains effectually 9,700 BCE. Several large stone tools for grinding grain take been found at the site.

1 of the oldest known Mesopotamian cities, Nineveh (almost Mosul in modern Republic of iraq), may take been settled as early as vi,000 B.C. Sumer civilization arose in the lower Tigris-Euphrates valley effectually v,000 B.C.

In addition to farming and cities, ancient Mesopotamian societies developed irrigation and aqueducts, temples, pottery, early on systems of banking and credit, property ownership and the commencement codes of law.

Sumerians

The origins of Sumer civilization are debated, but archaeologists suggest Sumerians had established roughly a dozen city-states by the fourth millennium B.C., including Eridu and Uruk in what is now southern Iraq.

Gyre to Keep

Sumer is the earliest known civilisation in aboriginal Mesopotamia and may accept been the start human civilization anywhere in the world. They chosen themselves the Sag-giga, the "black-headed ones."

Ancient Sumerians were among the commencement to employ bronze. They pioneered the utilize of levees and canals for irrigation. Sumerians invented cuneiform script, one of the earliest forms of writing. They also built big stepped pyramids called ziggurats.

Sumerians historic fine art and literature. The 3,000-line verse form, the Ballsy of Gilgamesh, follows the adventures of a Sumer rex every bit he battles a forest monster and quests after the secrets of eternal life.

Of import Archaeological Sites

British and French archaeologists began exploring the Fertile Crescent for the remains of storied Mesopotamian cities such equally Assyria and Babylonia equally early on as the mid-1800s.

Some of the virtually famous Mesopotamian archaeological sites include:
Ziggurat of Ur:It'south an enormous temple in southern Iraq and one of the all-time remaining examples of Sumerian compages. Archaeologists think it was congenital around 2100 B.C.
Babylon: Founded near five,000 years ago on the Euphrates River in nowadays-day Iraq, this ancient metropolis and Biblical city was the last major power in Mesopotamia to fall under Persian control in 539 B.C.
Hattusha: This UNESCO World Heritage site is 1 of Turkey's greatest ruins and was one time the capital of the Hittite Empire, which reached its peak in the second millennium B.C.
Persepolis: An ancient Mesopotamian urban center in southern Iran, Persepolis ranks amid the earth's greatest archaeological sites with a large number of architecturally significant Persian buildings.

Fertile Crescent Today

Today the Fertile Crescent is not so fertile: Beginning in the 1950s, a serial of big-scale irrigation projects diverted water away from the famed Mesopotamian marshes of the Tigris-Euphrates river system, causing them to dry up.

In 1991, the government of Saddam Hussein built a serial of dikes and dams to farther drain the Iraqi marshes and punish dissident Marsh Arabs who made a living cultivating rice and raising water buffalo there.

NASA satellite images showed that that past 1992 roughly 90 per centum of the marshland had disappeared, turning more than a thousand square miles into desert. More than 200,000 Marsh Arabs lost their homes. Many of the Hussein-era dams have since been removed, though the wetlands remain only about half of their pre-tuckered level.

SOURCES

Where is the Fertile Crescent?; Wonderopolis.

The Earth's Start Farmers Were Surprisingly Diverse; Science.

The Crimes of Saddam Hussein; PBS Frontline.

HISTORY Vault

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Source: https://www.history.com/topics/pre-history/fertile-crescent#:~:text=The%20Fertile%20Crescent%20is%20bounded,heart%20of%20the%20Fertile%20Crescent.

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